Electrical attrition of carbon

!±8± Electrical attrition of carbon

A 40 amp current at 7 volts is passed though a 3/4 inch section of 1/4 inch carbon rod. Carbon is a good resistor and will convert the electrical energy to thermal energy efficiently (or INefficiently if you think about it!) as a perfect demonstration of how energy is usually wasted as heat and light (which is later absorbed by something and converted into heat).

Electrical attrition of carbon

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A Unique History of the Light Bulb

!±8± A Unique History of the Light Bulb

Most people assume that Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. This is only partially true however. Historically speaking, many people helped developed the modern incandescent bulb. Though Thomas Edison's achievements were by far the most significant, there are several others that deserve some credit.

Important People In The Life Of A Light Bulb

Sir Humphrey Davy is the first person to create artificial light. While conducting experiments Davy passed an electric arc of energy between two poles. The resulting "light" had a short life but nonetheless contributed to the science of electricity.

In 1820 a fellow named Warren De la Rue also tried to create the incandescent light bulb. Using a platinum coil, la Rue passed a current of electricity through a tube. This successful resulted in a light "bulb" or sorts. However, the platinum coil used proved way too expensive to mass-produce. Thus la Rue's creation served more as a research tool than anything else.

Still searching for the perfect bulb, Frederick de Moleyns stepped up to the plate in 1841. He used powdered charcoal filters as a conductor for light energy. He is the first person granted a patent for creating incandescent lamps. Then, Edward Shepard less than a decade later used a charcoal filament to create an incandescent lamp. Like its predecessors, this light was short-lived. Around the same time a man named Joseph Swan also started using carbon as filaments. Carbon provided a lower cost and more efficient filament material than other metal alternatives.

In 1854 a German worker created a filament using carbonized bamboo. This successfully produced an incandescent electric bulb. The light bulb had the same problem as its predecessors however. Short life spans seemed to plague the early inventors of light for many years before Edison stepped on to the scene. In 1860 Joseph Swan displayed a decent light bulb using carbonized filaments. His problem however, was failure to create a proper vacuum and enough electricity to product a lasting light.

Thomas Edison Enters the Light Bulb Scene

Finally Thomas Edison, after thousands of experiments, in 1879 figures out that carbonized paper filament produces a lasting light bulb. Thomas Edison's bulb produced light for almost 15 hours. Thus, he is credited with producing the first effective and useful incandescent bulb.

Thomas Edison tried more than 6,000 different plant species before he discovered the one that would work as a proper filament. A few years later a gentleman named Lewis Latimer patented a process that allowed carbon filaments to be manufactured more efficiently. His process extended the life of Edison's carbon filaments, producing an even longer lasting light bulb.

Thomas Edison of course never stopped working on the light bulb. After creating the first incandescent light bulb to last, he worked on creating the first useful incandescent lamp. Thankfully many other researchers continued to refine Edison's work. Because of this, there are many different varieties of bulb available today.

Let's take a peak at some of the inventions that followed the first incandescent bulb.

New Discoveries in Incandescence

The journey of the light bulb did not stop with Edison. In the early 1900s researchers discovered that tungsten filaments were more efficient for producing long lasting light that carbon ones. Now tungsten is the standard for light bulb filaments, even in modern times.

Today the light bulb has evolved into a work of art. There are many different categories of light bulb today, aside from the traditional incandescent. Some of the more popular varieties include:

Full spectrum light bulbs Automotive LED bulbs Compact fluorescent light bulbs Halogen light bulbs Projector light bulbs Tanning bed bulbs Specialty light bulbs

As you can see, the light bulb has come a long way. Thanks to the hard efforts of many scientists, the light bulb has evolved into a complex creation!

A Unique History of the Light Bulb

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Easy chase ablaze 1000W

!±8± Easy chase ablaze 1000W

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Projectionist cinema film projector 35mm 70mm

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Demonstration of The Carbon Arc Torch

!±8± Demonstration of The Carbon Arc Torch

Demonstration of The Carbon Arc Torch. The flame can be seen better off camera with the welding helmet. Use this to braze gas tanks, thin metal or heat up those hard to get off bolts. It is hooked up to my Lincoln 225 AC Welder

Demonstration of The Carbon Arc Torch

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Ambiance Closed Top Arc Wall Sconce Finish: Carbon - Matte Black

!±8± Ambiance Closed Top Arc Wall Sconce Finish: Carbon - Matte Black

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CER-5200-CRB Finish: Carbon - Matte Black Pictured in Hammered Brass Features: -Wall sconce. -Ambiance collection. -Available in 30 hand-painted finishes as well as unfinished ceramic bisque which is paintable. -Ceramic construction. -Arc shape with closed top. -UL Listed for damp locations. -ADA compliant. -Eco-friendly. -Made in USA. Specifications: -Accommodates (2) 100W A-19 incandescent or (2) 26W GU24 fluorescent bulbs. -Mounting center: 3''. -Overall dimensions: 6'' H x 19.5'' W x 4'' D.

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230V DC Carbon Arc Lamp

!±8± 230V DC Carbon Arc Lamp

Well, ive been doing experimentation into arclamps recently because an technology historian recently taught me that it its historically incorrect, though very impressive , to run old arclamps on an arc welder. They were run on far higher voltages but just 5 instead of 50 Amperes. So the boss of the museum wants me to display it the right way in august..... This experiment shows clearly: 6Amps at 230V work VERY well, but in the meanwhile i have come to realize that like you can buy incandescent lightbulbs for 6V to 230V, there are all sorts of different arclamps wich my need anything between 20V and 230V, its all a matter what they were used for. PS The arclamps in the museum are manual, non self regulating ones so they can run on virtually any input.......

230V DC Carbon Arc Lamp

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The History of Electricity

!±8± The History of Electricity

The Beginning of Electricity in America

Benjamin Franklin began experimenting with electricity in America and documented the experiments.  He was able to finance his extensive work by selling off his belongings.  He is known for flying a kite in a storm that had a wet string and a key tied to the end of it.  When he observed sparks leaping from the key to his hand he understood that lightning was a natural form of electricity.

Alessandro Volta of Italy invented the electric cell in 1800, making it easier for scientists to study electricity and its various applications.  When the electric cells are connected together a battery is created.

Alexander Graham Bell is known to have invented the telephone.  Bell's worked as a teacher for deaf students professionally which explains his fascination with different ways to transmit sounds.  During his experiments with sound transmission he began to use electricity, which eventually led to his success with the telephone.

Thomas Doolittle, a mill worker from Connecticut created the method that was used to create the first hand drawn copper wire that strong enough to use as a telegraph wire.  A man by the name of Michael Faraday discovered that electricity was created when a magnet was passed through ordinary copper wire.  This is the application that is used in America's power plant to generate electricity that is delivered to customers across the country.  Both the electric generator and are built on this principle.  A generator takes mechanical energy and converts it to electricity.  On the other hand, motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.

While Thomas Edison experimented with electricity he was able to invent the electrical light bulb in addition to many other gadgets.  His biggest challenge when creating the light bulb was to find the right material to use for the filament.  He settled on carbon soaked cotton thread.  The carbon was used to prevent the cotton thread from burning.  The thread glowed as the electricity traveled through it.  As soon as the popularity of the light bulb caught on he turned his attention to the development of power plants that would be run the light bulbs.  The first power plant that he built began operating in 1882 and served 85 New York city customers.

A major turning point occurred in 1895.  The power plant that was built by Edison was only capable of transporting power a short distance since it used direct current of DC.  The power was transmitted approximately just one square mile surrounding the power plant.  With the development of alternating current or AC in 1895 the plant was able to transport power over 200 miles from the newly built power plant in Niagara Falls.

Electricity was rather slow to catch on in America.  Many people were excited by the new inventions, but some were afraid of the electrical current and hesitated to have it installed in their houses.  Some people were unable to afford the price of the service.  Electricity was blamed for causing the end of simple living.  Many people felt that electric lights were less romantic than the gas light they were used to.

Many expos and fairs often featured exhibits that displayed the recent inventions that used electricity as their power source.  The 1893 Columbian Exposition that was held in Chicago displayed 5,000 arc lights and 90,000 incandescent lamps.  People that visited the expo had the opportunity to view or ride the different electrified exhibits which included three cranes, several water fountains, a moving sidewalk, elevators and a street car system that was created by General Electric.

The Pan-American Exposition that was held in Buffalo, NY in 1901 used electricity as the theme.  An electric tower that was 400 feet in height, displaying 40,000 lights was featured in addition to the Electricity Building which was home to a huge exhibit of electrical appliances.

Power became accessible by more people as small electrical companies started to spring up around the country.  A number of the smaller companies started to merge together and form large conglomerates, the largest ones being General Electric and Westinghouse.  These two companies started building power plants that were equipped with generators that used fossil fuel combustion and steam to produce electricity.  Other plants were being built that used kinetic power to generate power like water or wind.  Once nuclear power was developed, the power that was released as nuclear reactions occurred was used to create electricity.

The demand for electricity grew by 12% each year for the first thirty years of the twentieth century.  In order to keep up with today's demand for electricity, renewable resources are being implemented to supply the much needed power.  Many people are using solar power, hydropower and wind power are being put to use in order to meet the demands of consumers and to protect the environment.

The History of Electricity

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Ambiance Open Top and Bottom Arc Wall Sconce Finish: Carbon - Matte Black

!±8±Ambiance Open Top and Bottom Arc Wall Sconce Finish: Carbon - Matte Black

Brand : Justice Design
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CER-5205-CRB Finish: Carbon - Matte Black Pictured in White Crackle Features: -Wall sconce. -Ambiance collection. -Available in 30 hand-painted finishes as well as unfinished ceramic bisque which is paintable. -Ceramic construction. -Arc shape with open top and bottom. -UL Listed for damp locations. -ADA compliant. -Eco-friendly. -Made in USA. Specifications: -Accommodates (2) 100W A-19 incandescent or (2) 26W GU24 fluorescent bulbs. -Mounting center: 3''. -Overall dimensions: 6'' H x 19.5'' W x 4'' D.

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ISO 4892-4:2004, Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 4: Open-flame carbon-arc lamps

!±8± ISO 4892-4:2004, Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 4: Open-flame carbon-arc lamps

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ISO 4892-4:2004 specifies methods for exposing specimens to open-flame carbon-arc lamps in the presence of moisture to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed in actual end-use environments in daylight or daylight filtered through window glass.The specimens are exposed to filtered open-flame carbon-arc light under controlled environmental conditions (temperature, moisture). Various filters are described. This title may contain less than 24 pages of technical content.

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Ambiance Closed Top Arc Outdoor Wall Sconce Finish: Carbon - Matte Black

!±8±Ambiance Closed Top Arc Outdoor Wall Sconce Finish: Carbon - Matte Black

Brand : Justice Design
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Post Date : Nov 08, 2011 18:00:11
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CER-5200W-CRB Finish: Carbon - Matte Black Pictured in Hammered Brass Features: -Outdoor wall sconce. -Ambiance collection. -Available in 30 hand-painted finishes as well as unfinished ceramic bisque which is paintable. -Ceramic construction. -Arc shape with closed top. -UL Listed for wet locations. -ADA compliant. -Eco-friendly. -Made in USA. Specifications: -Accommodates (2) 100W A-19 incandescent or (2) 26W GU24 fluorescent bulbs. -Mounting center: 3''. -Overall dimensions: 6'' H x 19.5'' W x 4'' D.

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Electricity Innovations

!±8± Electricity Innovations

Even though the modern electric utility industry didn't begin until the late 1800s, we have been fascinated by electricity since our ancestors first witnessed lightning. The ancient Greeks discovered that rubbing amber produced an electric charge. Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. It is a secondary energy source that we get from the conversion of primary sources such as natural gas, oil, coal and nuclear power. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls that turned water wheels to perform work. Before the beginning of the electricity generation, kerosene lamps lit houses, iceboxes were used to keep food cold, and rooms were warmed by stoves. The "necessities" of today such as light bulbs, fans, air conditioners and refrigerators stem from the ideas of inventors that lived over 100 years ago. Many of us are familiar with Benjamin Franklin's famous kite experiment and Thomas Edison's electrical light bulb, but there were many other inventors that contributed greatly to our modern uses of electricity. Some of these inventors simply sought to improve upon old ideas and others saw a need and let their curiosity run wild with each experiment until they discovered something new. Each invention paved the way for the next.

In the mid-1600s Otto von Guericke, a German physicist, started experimenting with generating electricity. In 1670 he invented the first machine to produce electricity in large amounts using a ball of sulfur which he rotated and he held his hand against the ball, charging it with electricity. Others, such as Isaac Newton, later used this machine using a ball of glass instead of sulfur, and then later a cylinder, and then a glass plate.

In 1747 Benjamin Franklin started to experiment with electricity and proposed the notion of positive and negative charge. He performed his famous kite experiment to prove that lightning was a form of electrical discharge in 1752. During a thunderstorm he flew a kite with a stiff wire pointing up attached to the top of the kite and a key tied to the other end of the string, and let it hang close to a jar. The string became wet from the rain and caused sparks to jump from the key into the jar until the jar could not handle any more charges. This experiment proved that electricity and lightning are one in the same and that pointed rods conduct electricity better than balls, leading to Franklin's invention of the lightning rod. Beginning with this experiment, the principles of electricity gradually became understood.

In 1800 an Italian professor, Alessandro Volta, invented the voltaic pile which is now called an electric cell or battery. He made a stack of disks of zinc, acid or salt-soaked paper and copper, and when he touched both ends he received a shock. The volt is named after Volta. Another, who in the first half of the 1800s contributed greatly to our modern uses of electricity, was Michael Faraday. He performed experiments on electricity and magnetism which led to modern inventions such as the motor, generator, telegraph and telephone. In 1831 he experimented with induction and discovered a way to generate a lot of electricity at once. We use his principle of electromagnetic induction for generating electricity today in electric utility plants.

In the mid 1800s, the invention of the electric light bulb changed everyone's life. This invention used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes. Thomas Edison, an American inventor, didn't invent the light bulb, but improved upon a 50-year-old idea and invented an incandescent light bulb. Many people before him had developed forms of electric lighting, but none of these were practical for home use. In 1879, after experimenting for a year and a half, he used lower current electricity, a filament of carbonized sewing thread, and an improved vacuum inside the globe to produce a practical, electrical light bulb. Edison demonstrated his incandescent lighting system for the public as he electrically lit the Menlo Park laboratory complex. He realized the need for an electrical distribution system to provide power for lighting and in 1882 the first central commercial incandescent electric generating station provided light and electric power to customers in one square mile area in New York City. This was the beginning of the electric age as the industry was evolving from gas and electric carbon-arc commercial and street lighting systems. By the late 1880s the demand for electric motors brought the industry to 24-hour service and the electricity demand for transportation and industry needs was dramatically increased. Many U.S. cities now had small central stations, however each was limited to an area of just a few blocks because of the transmission inefficiencies of direct current (DC). As electricity spread around the world, Edison's various electric companies continued to expand until they joined to form Edison General Electric in 1889. Three years later Edison General Electric merged with its leading competitor Thompson-Houston and the company became simply General Electric.

One of Thomas Edison's main rivals was George Westinghouse Jr., a pioneer of the electrical industry. In 1886 he founded Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company to pursue the technology of alternating current (AC). An alternating current power system allowed voltages to be "stepped up" by a transformer for distribution, which reduced power losses, and then "stepped down" by a transformer for consumer use. He thought that Edison's power network based on low-voltage direct current was too inefficient to be scaled up to a large size. In 1885 Westinghouse purchased power transformers developed by Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs. Transformers were not a new invention, however this design was one of the first that was able to handle large amounts of power, yet was still easily manufactured. Using these transformers and a Siemens alternating current generator, he began experimenting with alternating current networks. Westinghouse worked to perfect the transformer design and build a practical alternating current power network with the help of William Stanley and Franklin Leonard Pope. In 1886 Westinghouse and Stanley installed the first multiple-voltage alternating current power system. The network was driven by a hydropower generator that produced 500 volts. The voltage was stepped up to 3,000 volts for distribution, and then stepped back down to 100 volts to power electric lights. This device made it possible to spread electric service over a wide area and allowed for the availability of alternating current at different voltages, forming the basis of modern electrical power distribution. Over the next year 30 more alternating current lighting systems were installed, but the method was limited because they lacked an efficient metering system and an alternating current electric motor. In 1888, Westinghouse and his engineer Oliver Shallenberger created a power meter that would be more effective and the same basic meter technology remains in use today.

Nikola Tesla was one of the most important contributors to the birth of commercial electricity. He was originally an employee of Thomas Edison's and he invented a system that transmitted alternating current, as opposed to Edison's direct current system. Edison opposed Tesla's idea, so Tesla set up his own laboratory and announced his invention of the first practical alternating current induction motor and polyphase power transmission system in 1888. The polyphase system would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over long distances. Westinghouse asked Nikola Tesla to join his electric company where Tesla continued his work on the alternating current induction motor and Westinghouse acquired exclusive rights to Tesla's polyphase system patent. All of our electric motors today run on principles set out by Tesla, such as the motor that produces high frequency signals that are used in radios and TVs. He also set the standard for the frequency of the transmission current, 60 hertz, which we still operate at today.

Westinghouse and Edison feuded over the distribution of alternating current power and direct current power. Edison used only direct current because he thought that alternating current was dangerous, but Westinghouse thought the risks could be controlled and were outweighed by the advantages. Even General Electric eventually switched to alternating current. In 1893 the Westinghouse Company won the contract to set up an alternating current network to light the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and later to set up the first long-range power network using three giant alternating current generators to harness the energy of Niagara Falls into electrical energy for distribution 25 miles away.

Now over 100 years later, think about how much we use and rely on electricity every day to meet what we consider to be our "basic needs" such as alarm clocks, traffic lights, computers and TVs. When we walk into a dark room and flip the light switch, we expect instant light. It's interesting to think this was once only a daydream and it took many inventors to make it a reality.

Electricity Innovations

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A Brief History of Light Bulbs

!±8± A Brief History of Light Bulbs

That, along with the wheel, the light bulb is one of the most important inventions of the world 'and if you can see, as the night rather than drive, then no doubt see the light bulb without a doubt the most important.

The light bulb as we know it today is a product of the work of more than 10 noteworthy inventors from Germany, Great Britain and the United States for a period of 182 years.

It all started with an English chemist Sir Humphry Davy in 1809, which, by noticeElectricity from a battery, but a strip of carbon glowed. This was the origin of the first arc lamp. Humphrey died in 1829, about 120 years before the artificial light, it was so crucial in the invention, light up the trenches of the Second World War.

Over 11 years later Davy, the English inventor, Warren De la Rue has a tube that emits light from an electric current through a filament of platinum contained in a vacuum tube. While a successful model, thisimpractical for widespread use because of the cost of the platinum filament.

In 1854, all hats were off to Germany. Henricg Globel, created by the watchmaker, the first true light bulb with a filament of carbonized bamboo placed in a container. 'World' the term 'light bulbs world "could be called after Henricg, even if they are not free to say.

Another German, Hermann Sprengel provided another step forward, the invention ofMercury vacuum pump, a strong negative pressure inside the bulb possible. This allows a longer life because it removes the effects of oxidation on the filament.

The most famous of all the inventors who had a hand in developing the light bulb and often (mistakenly) handed over the crown of the invention of the lightbulb, the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who continued pioneering other important inventions as the phonograph and the kinetophone is (talking about the film). For involvement inDevelopment of the bulb, he invented a carbon filament, which for 40 hours, put in the absence of oxygen less bulb. By 1880 he had managed to prolong the life of his lamp over 1200 hours with a filament of bamboo stems.

Tungsten bulb dipped his head in the world in 1906, when General Electric Company of America patented the use thereof. At that time, but these filaments were costly.

In 1910, an American physicist named William David Coolidge (William or hisfriends) came up with an improved method of making the tungsten filaments. His improved method greatly extended the life of existing filaments and made them much more economical.

The light bulb as we know it was made and continues to light up the dark nights.

In 1991 Phillips invented a way of increasing the life of a bulb to well over 60,000 hours. That's almost 7 full years of illumination. Even more if you switch it off when you go to bed.

A Brief History of Light Bulbs

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